Frostbite

Frostbite is the condition in which living human tissues freeze and are damaged because of exposure to low temperatures. Frostbite will most likely affect the hands, feet, nose, and ears. Frostbite can be a very serious injury.

Exposure of bare or poorly protected skin, hands, and feet to freezing temperatures will cause frostbite. Increased wind speed, known as wind chill, is often a factor. Drinking alcohol, being dehydrated, taking beta-blockers (medicine for heart disease), smoking, and having diabetes, peripheral vascular disease (of arteries), peripheral neuropathy (nervous system disorder), and Raynaud’s syndrome increase the risk of frostbite.

Symptoms include a pins-and-needles feeling, numbness, pain, decreasing ability to sense touch, and red skin. If the problem is recognized and treated at this stage, mild swelling and peeling of the skin may be the only effects. As the process gets worse, the affected area becomes pale and firm. As the area is rewarmed, large blisters, blood blisters, and dead tissue that looks black, blue, or dark gray (from gangrene) can occur.

The doctor will diagnose frostbite on the basis of the history of exposure to freezing temperatures and a physical examination.

The best treatment is prevention! Dress properly for the weather and make sure children are protected and watched closely. Drink plenty of nonalcoholic and noncaffeinated liquids. Plan ahead and limit exposure to cold when possible. If frostbite is possible, get to shelter and warmth immediately. Immersing the injured area in warm water (104° F) is best.